The Cultures of Thinking framework developed by Project Zero’s Ron Ritchhart focuses on eight cultural forces that exist in classrooms: expectations, language, time, opportunities, interactions, environment, routines, and modelling. According to Ritchhart, these forces exist in every classroom whether they are given attention or not. The idea is to properly leverage those forces so that classrooms become places where thinking, collaboration, independence, and deep-learning rule and become common-place, rather than classrooms that stress compliance and work, and which are teacher-centred.