Getting Keyed up for Thinking

Giving students tools that unlock critical and creative thinking can help them develop thinking skills and embed their learning more deeply. Hanna Miller shows how Thinker’s Keys provide a great framework for motivating students and supporting learning objectives.

As Lead of Thinking in a multi-academy trust, I am often asked what the ideal starting point for the ‘thinking journey’ is. Of vital importance is the context of the school and their needs, but regardless of these, I am always keen to involve Tony Ryan’s Thinker’s Keys at some point near the start of my ‘dream journey’.

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      string(310) "... by first talking through the type of processing that they are usingwith certain pieces of information. I then introduced the map as a method of getting the thinking onto paper.After using the thinking maps a couple of times in this way, I am now able to present students with ..."
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      string(5751) "displayed and incorporate their language into your practice.The wider role of Philosophical Enquiry and thinking tools in creating a thoughtful and considered approachto the world needs to be recognised by the educational community and not merely as a ‘bolt-on’ activityto broaden the curriculum.Carl HubbardTeacher of Science and Literacy CoordinatorExtending thinking in scienceI have used many thinking tools with my science groups and feel that one of the most beneficial towardsstudent progress and individual learning are the thinking maps. I introduced the thinking maps with classesin each year group and have found that they are generally accepted more at KS3 than KS4. However,where KS4 students have taken them on board and used them, they have realised their benefits. In somecircumstances, they have found them to be a useful revision tool.I have now been using thinking maps for a couple of years and can see the development of the use ofmaps throughout early KS3. As these students progress, they will continue to come into contact with themaps, which should provide them with very useful skills when it comes to revision for GCSEs. By usingthese maps and understanding the thinking processes behind them, they are also likely to become moreindependent learners, which will obviously benefit them in their examination years.I introduced each mind map to the class by first talking through the type of processing that they are usingwith certain pieces of information. I then introduced the map as a method of getting the thinking onto paper.After using the thinking maps a couple of times in this way, I am now able to present students with theinformation and they are generally able to derive and complete the correct thinking map. I am confidentthat with further use, the students will choose to use the correct maps without any guidance, and in someinstances this has already been the case. More capable Year 7 students are already asking to put informationinto the thinking maps without prompting.The next step and one that I am currently working on is the use of the ‘frame of reference’ which extendsthe thinking and can be used to increase complexity of the task. Where this has been used, students havebeen very keen and the process has clearly increased their thinking skills. It can be used to differentiatework and provide extension tasks for higher ability students.When using thinking maps, I’ve found it essential to plan the lesson objectives first and then choosethe correct maps to suit the processing skills needed for each lesson. The use of thinking maps just forthe sake of using them is likely to do more harm than good. As a whole school measure, they are mosteffective when introduced to KS3 as I have found them to be more receptive. The skills will then be takenup through KS4 and beyond by the students.Kelly KnightTransition Coordinator and Teacher of ScienceMaps in the maths roomI have found that the easiest thinking map to introduce into the maths classroom is the circle map,representing defining in context. I use it regularly at the start of a new topic. The students are given the topicin the centre circle and then as a starter activity, asked to fill in everything they know about it. There areno restrictions given and students can use words, comments, examples, pictures and of course, numbers.This activity encourages them to access the lowest rung on Bloom’s revised taxonomy – ‘remembering’– upon which all new learning is built.While the students are working, I circulate the room, asking questions, offering praise and returning tonnThinkingSkills14Volume4.2nCreativeTeaching&Learningthe board to put up the students’ ideas.Class discussion follows, and the boardis further updated during the discussion.Misconceptions can be addressed here ifappropriate, or if not, at a later time. Thequestioning is crucial at this stage as itmoves students up another level in Bloom’staxonomy to ‘understanding’, and can eveninch into the next level, ‘applying’. This thirdlevel is more usually addressed in the mainbody of the lesson though.Personally, I find the use of the circle mapincredibly useful as it informs me of what thestudents can actually recall independently orthrough nudges from their peers, and letsme know where I initially need to pitch thetopic. The frame of reference in this map isunused in this type of activity, as the ‘Howdo I know what I know?’ is all too oftenanswered with ‘Because my teacher toldme…’ or ‘I learnt it from Mr so-and-so lastyear’!Some teachers in the department get thestudents to return to their circle map to addtheir new learning to it in different coloursonce the topic is finished, while others useother tools to reinforce and consolidatelearning.Often in the main body of the lesson, Iwill use the flow map to identify a strategythat students need to follow for a particularprocess, such as adding/subtractingfractions. The flow map should be writtenfrom left to right, but since maths movesdown the page, it makes more sense forthe flow map to be written downwards. Thisis very useful as it ties up nicely with boardwork showing an example.Having the strategy as a sequence ofevents provides the students with theopportunity to become more independent.All too often, we finish the teaching partand students put their hands up and say‘Miss, I don’t get it’. If the strategy in theirbooks is clear, concise and can be directlylinked to an appropriate example, they haveno excuse and I invoke the ‘C3B4ME’ rule.This is where the students need"
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Creative Teaching & Learning

Cognitive tools across the curriculum

18 Oct 2013

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      string(296) "example, if a child wearing the yellow hat noticesa flaw in the plan, another child in the group can stopthat line of thinking – and tell them to save it for blackhat thinking. Getting back on track is part of the bluerole – it can be put on briefly to remind a ..."
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      string(5715) "example, if a child wearing the yellow hat noticesa flaw in the plan, another child in the group can stopthat line of thinking – and tell them to save it for blackhat thinking. Getting back on track is part of the bluerole – it can be put on briefly to remind a group of thetask in hand.Case study: using the Thinking Hats in anofficeA fictional business is considering opening its building topublic tours. Here’s how the staff could use Thinking Hatsto discuss the issue.Facilitator: Let’s start with some red hat thinking on this– how do you feel about it? I’ll move round the room andeveryone can speak briefly or gesture.There are a variety of responses. Some say they hate it,some say great. Some shrug their shoulders. One blowsa raspberry.Facilitator: OK – we need some white hat thinking. In yourgroups, can you spend five minutes or so listing whatwe know to be true? Can someone act as a scribe foreach group?All the groups work collaboratively and produce listsof fact. Questions arise – one group wants to clarifywhether the public would access all areas. There aresome points of drifting – one employee, Mr Black, saysthere would be traffic chaos. He is reminded that thegroup is in White Hat mode, so his concern is recordedas a question: “What would the impact of public accessbe on local traffic?”Facilitator: (takes the feedback and lists what needs to befound out, and who will do it.) Lets move on to yellow,black and green hats. What are the pros and cons?The proposal’s supporters lead the yellow hat conversation.With prompting, the others come up with statementsstarting with “I suppose…” or “Maybe…” A list of potentialpositive benefits, some of them funny, are listed. With black hat, the people who like the idea find itdifficult – but they contribute some possible areas ofconcern. These ideas are listed too.The facilitiator then allows ten minutes for some greenhat thinking. When the group seems to be struggling forideas, he introduces some random word techniques tospark off ideas. Hilarity arises – but there are some credibleideas offered. Summing up, the facilitator lists some tasks– mostly fact finding – and arranges a follow up meetingto pursue some of the new suggestions.The most important thing in this example is that thediscussion is harmonious, focused and target orientated.I’ve seen it used in primary school councils to makedecisions about recycling and in sixth form colleges (seeLouise Astbury’s feature) in a wider creative learningproject.Case Study two: using the Thinking Hats ina secondary schoolPicture this. Year eight – a pretty boisterous group in Stokeon Trent. The school is a ‘Change School’ – which meansthey are developing a new creative curriculum to try tochange behaviour, partly funded by Creative Partnerships.This has allowed the school to employ a graphic designerto help the Communications Team (English and ICT)to deliver a project which links several subjects into a‘Mantle of the Expert’ project. (In a ‘mantle of the expert’project, students pretend to be experts in a field solvingbusiness problems. Projects like this are thought to sparkchildren’s imaginations and encourage them to come upwith creative ideas.)In this project, the students are ‘employees’ of a failingsoft drinks company – StokaCola. Their jobs are on theline. New products are required – which need branding– to save the company. Some external consultants havebeen brought in to help the company but the ideas, themarket profiling and the manufacture and marketing ofthe products is up to the employees.When the class enter the classroom on the first day, theyare initially bemused to be in role, but they soon warm up tothe task. They are asked to identify where the problems liein the current branding. The children immediately decidedthat the name ‘StokaCola’ was too regional. They foundproblems with the image of cheap cola – they thought itwas too unhealthy.The children then drew ideas for new products, butthere was a lot of disagreement in the group. The childrenneeded help to work more co-operatively and to organisetheir thinking. We decide to start the next session with some 10Pedagogy in practice   www.teachingtimes.comTeaching Thinking&Creativity  Vol 10:1Professional Development training – with a ‘managementconsultant’ (or me!) specialising in Six Thinking Hats.I asked the groups to identify what their problemswere. They nearly all maintained their roles and spoke infirst person as if their enterprise was real. I give them anoverview of Thinking Hats and explained that we weregoing to use the hats to decide on a new cola brand.Even children who had taken entrenched positions theday before showed they were able to see the potentialweaknesses in their ideas when doing the Hats exercise.One child who normally found it very hard to concentratewas fully focused in this task – he found it easy to switchmodes of thinking quickly.Far more ideas were generated after thinking hatstraining – and the ideas were followed through. The teachersaid she was amazed how well the children had retainedthe colours. We were delighted to overhear children talkingabout the colours in class conversations – saying: “We needto put on a black hat here”.The Thinking Hats formed only a small part of the process.But the important thing is that it was contextualised in a‘real’ context. Thinking skills are often taught in isolation.While it is necessary for the hats to be ‘taught’ andexperienced"
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Creative Teaching & Learning

Hats off to collaboration

22 Nov 2009

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      string(461) "... severaldecades, has recently (Hargreaves 2014) reflected onemerging forms of school-to-school collaboration.While identifying the importance of professionallearning and ‘joint practice development’, his analysisis keyed into organisational thinking. From thatstandpoint, his thinking notes a progression from oldhierarchical structures, through strategic alliances tocomplexity and chaos theory.The kinds of collaborations ..."
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      string(5020) "door when we start our developmentsessions’, but that perception is unlikely to be sharedPolicy andpractice23……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………fully by the more vulnerable members of the group.Developing new understandings of what it means tobe a senior practitioner within a mature profession willmainly concern activity outside the home institution,including assessment, mentoring, and contributing todevelopmental working groups.The distinction between professional andorganisational relationships has even more implicationsat the level of cross-institution working, particularlyin relation to school leadership. The term ‘schoolleadership’ itself neatly amalgamated its componentparts: policy-making, governance, professional andpedagogic direction, and administration – each of whichhad different ground-rules and loci of responsibilityunder English constitutional conventions. The effecthas been to enable central governments to operate acommand and control structure using headteachers asits branch managers, some of whom have been elevatedas ‘system leaders’.This has been combined with the central idea of the‘autonomous school’ to produce current understandingsof ‘school-to-school support’, and ‘self-improving schoolsystems’. These have depended on the personification of‘schools’: schools take decisions and collaborate in certainways, as if schools were sentient persons; as if schoolswere not composed of people with minds of their own.This implies that organisational concepts, structures andlegalities underpin working relationships that in realityare often messy and ill-defined, combining a mixtureof individual and institutional relationships whichlack transparent accountability. David Hargreaves, amonumental thought leader in this field for severaldecades, has recently (Hargreaves 2014) reflected onemerging forms of school-to-school collaboration.While identifying the importance of professionallearning and ‘joint practice development’, his analysisis keyed into organisational thinking. From thatstandpoint, his thinking notes a progression from oldhierarchical structures, through strategic alliances tocomplexity and chaos theory.The kinds of collaborations to which Hargreavesrefers are actually much simpler to understand from theviewpoint of professionalism. Instead of focusing onhow schools as organisations are relating to each other,professionalism focusses on professional relationshipsbetween practitioners. As teaching becomes more of aprofession, it will seem much less important whether ornot collaborations cross school boundaries. The conceptof ‘school system leaders’, which is essentially politicalin its origins, can then give way to the more normallanguage of ‘senior professionals’.The focus of this article is on professionalism asa counterbalance to managerialism, and on activeengagement with the wider profession counterbalancinga narrow focus on one’s own institution. In this therole of headteachers is pivotal, but needs to strikethe right balance. Headteachers wanting to supportprofessionalisation should do so in ways that do notsimply reinforce existing hierarchies within the school,nor assume that the only focus should be to improvethat school. Headteachers need to encourage their staffto look outwards and to think about the long termdevelopment of the profession.■■■ New approaches to professionallearningWhat difference can professionalisation make to howwe approach professional learning? Both for moral andemotional reasons, teachers and school leaders feel lessstressed and more fulfilled when they see consistencybetween the educational values that guide their workwith students, and the values by which the adults in theschool conduct themselves. So the next paragraphs lookat consistencies and inconsistencies of educational valuesbetween student learning and professional learning.Teachers want to enable students to feel good aboutthemselves and to blossom, to develop a love of learningfor its own sake and as a means to address the immediateissues in their lives. These same aims are often mirroredin the professional cultures of schools fortunate enoughto have enlightened leadership.Secondly, teachers want students to have agency aslearners, enabling them not only to take ownership oftheir learning now, but also to be able to make informedchoices about their longer term options and goals.Unfortunately, in most schools, this educational valueis not mirrored in the professional learning available toteachers. In the UK, the idea of the autonomous schoolRe-thinking professional development and professionalisation"
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Professional Development

Rethinking professional development and professionalisation

14 May 2015

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      string(333) "drama and language classes.“The transformation of the school grounds hasreally made a big difference to the look and feelof the whole school,” explains Phil. “The space isbeing used very differently now and the children arerelaxed and sit on the paving itself – so much so weare thinking of getting some ..."
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      string(4316) "drama and language classes.“The transformation of the school grounds hasreally made a big difference to the look and feelof the whole school,” explains Phil. “The space isbeing used very differently now and the children arerelaxed and sit on the paving itself – so much so weare thinking of getting some giant beanbags so theycan sit down comfortably on the paving!”The real acid testThe real acid test, however, is what the end userthinks of the newly developed areas around theschool. In keeping with the school’s determinationto include pupils at every stage of the design andbuild process, 139 pupils filled in a post-workquestionnaire to determine their opinions on thenewly developed outdoor areas. Schoolchildrenwere asked again for their opinions on how theyfound the outdoor areas now that the new pavingand street furniture were in place.The survey showed some impressive results: ■ 96 per cent of pupils were now satisfied with thequality of their new school grounds – a significantincrease from the pre-work questionnaires, whichrecorded that 41 per cent were less than satisfiedwith the old school grounds ■ 83 per cent of pupils now use the outdoor areasto socialise with friends ■ 50 per cent of pupils now use the outdoor areasfor learning activities ■ 95 per cent believe that sustainability is importantand that, along with other sustainable schoolprojects, the hard landscaping has made apositive impact in raising awareness of the issue ■ Importantly, 81 per cent of pupils now felt safeoften or always in their school grounds.Christopher Hazeldine, the head boy at St Bede’s,said: “It ’s been transformed quite drastically.The introduction of the paving and the bencheshas increased the seating for the students,because before there was nothing. Now we cansit and socialise with our friends like at a college orsomething like that. It’s really nice.”Most important issuesSafety, cleanliness, tidiness and a place to sit wereamong the most important issues raised by childrenwith activities such as eating lunch, socialising withfriends and passing from one lesson to another beingthe main reasons they used the outdoor areas.The New Economics Foundation (NEF) recentlycarried out research in collaboration with Marshalls.This found important links between well-being andthe external environment, including increasingfeelings of safety, ownership and belonging, reducedisolation and physical activities such as walking andcycling. These, in turn, are all issues that have beentackled by redesigning school grounds with careand though for design and sustainability.Pupils responded that the outdoor areas madethem feel happy, relaxed and proud to be at aschool like St Bede’s, with one saying: “It makesme feel happy and safe. I am able to play and learnhappily in the area that has been provided.” Thisdemonstrates the impact great landscapes can haveon the well-being and happiness of the people whouse them.As demonstrated by the groundbreaking workbeing undertaken by St Bede’s, the catalyst forcreating inspirational outdoor learning areas hasto start with engaging the whole school, andindeed the wider community, to get involved withthe project. This wins people over and creates agroundswell of enthusiasm among pupils, whofeel empowered to change the areas in which theyspend a great deal of their school lives.St Bede’s has won a number of awards for itssustainable school campaign. These include theprestigious Outstanding Sustainable Schools Award2010 run by the Times Educational Supplement.It also became the only school in the country tobe selected as a finalist for NESTA’s Big GreenChallenge.The school is continuing with its sustainable‘ethos’ and is currently looking at installing a solardome – which will be a sort of mini Eden Project– along with 99 solar panels on top to generateelectricity. St Bede’s, along with its sponsors andpartners, has succeeded in creating its vision of atruly sustainable school while proving that, withlots of hard work and determination, partnershipworking really can make a difference.These two articles were produced by DianeKay, commercial Public Relations Manager withMarshalls, and Phil Grice, head teacher at StBede’s school.Outdoor learningwww.teachingtimes.com"
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Learning Spaces

Outdoor learning a hit with pupils

22 Feb 2011